Laboratory Reagents

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Summary
Bovine Serum Albumin is mainly used to enhance the reactivity of blood grouping and typing antibodies in direct agglutination tests. Bovine Albumin also enhances the reactivity and sensitivity of indirect antiglobulin test which is used for compatibility testing, antibody screening, identification and titration.

Reagent
®Erybank Bovine Serum Albumin is manufactured from selected raw Bovine serum, its protein concentration and pH is adjusted to 22% and 7.1(± 0.2) respectively. Its conductivity is controlled specifically for serological applications. 

 Reagent storage and stability1. Store the reagent at 2-8°C. Do not freeze.2. Shelf life of the reagent is as per the expiry date mentioned on the reagent vial label. Once opened the shelf life of the reagent vial is as described on the reagent vial label provided it is not contaminated.

Principle
Agglutination of antibody coated red cells depends upon the class and type of agglutinating sera involved and the characteristics of the reaction medium such as ionic strength and pH. Agglutinating sera IgG type, especially those with Rh specificity, agglutinate red cells if the zeta potential between the red cells is adjusted by addition of colloids and salts such as Bovine Serum Albumin. 

Precautions
1. In vitro diagnostic reagent for laboratory and professional use only. To be used by a qualified personnel. Not for medicinal use.
2. The reagent contains sodium azide 0.1% as preservative. Avoid contact with skin and mucosa. MSDS available on request.
3. Extreme turbidity may indicate microbial contamination or denaturation of protein due to thermal damage. Such reagents should be discarded.
4. Reagents are not from human source, hence contamination due to HBsAg, HIV and HCV is practically excluded.
5. It is necessary to use the dropper provided in the reagent vial to dispense a reagent drop.
6. It is advisable to wear gloves and safety spectacles and handle test specimens of human origin with caution.
7. Do not use damaged or leaking reagents. 8. Special protective measures, conditions for disposal and disinfection should be implemented in accordance with local regulations. 

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Intended Use:
® Erybank Anti-H Lectin, Ulex europaeus lectin reagent used for recognition of the H antigen on human red blood cells. It is useful, especially for assessing the H secretor status of group 'O' individuals and also in differential grouping of A subgroup along with Anti- int A lectin.

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Summary
The arrest of bleeding depends upon primary platelet plug formed along with the formation of a stable fibrin clot. Formation of this clot involves the sequential interaction of a series of plasma proteins in a highly ordered and complex manner and also the interaction of these complexes with blood platelets and materials released from the tissues. Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time is prolonged by a deficiency of coagulation factors of the intrinsic pathway of the human coagulation mechanism such as factor XII, XI, IX, VIII, X, V, II and Fibrinogen. Determination of APTT helps in estimating abnormality in most of the clotting factors of the intrinsic pathway including congenital deficiency of factor VIII, IX, XI and XII and is also a sensitive procedure for generating heparin response curves for monitoring heparin therapy.

Principle
Cephaloplastin activates the coagulation factors of the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation mechanism in the presence of calcium ions. APTT is prolonged by a deficiency of one or more of these clotting factors of the intrinsic pathway and in the presence of coagulation inhibitors like heparin.

Sample collection and preparation
No special preparation of the patient is required prior to sample collection by approved techniques. Withdraw blood without undue venous stasis and without frothing into a plastic syringe fitted with a short needle of 19 to 20 SWG. The veinpuncture must be a 'clean' one and, if there is any difficulty, take a new syringe and needle and try another vein. Transfer the blood into tubes, after detaching the needle from the syringe. Mix exactly nine parts of freshly collected blood with one part of tri-sodium citrate (0.11 mol/l, 3.2%). Centrifuge immediately for 15 minutes at 1500 g and transfer the plasma into a clean test tube. Plasma must be tested within three hours of blood collection. For heparin determination, platelet deficient plasma should be used, hence higher centrifugation time is required.

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Clinical significanceMagnesium is the second more abundant intracellular cation of the human body after potassium, being essential in great number of enzymatic and metabolic processes. Is a cofactor of all the enzymatic reactions that involve the ATP and comprises of the membrane that maintains the electrical excitability of the muscular and nervous cells. A low magnesium level is found in malabsortion syndrome, diuretic or aminoglucoside therapy; hyperparathyroidism or diabetic acidosis. Elevated concentration of magnesium is found in uremia, chronic renal failure, glomerulonephritis, Addisons’s disease or intensive anti acid therapy1,4,5. Clinical diagnosis should not be made on a single test result; it should integrate clinical and other laboratory data.

Principle
At alkaline pH magnesium reacts with xylidyl blue and produces a chelating red colored compound. The red increasing or the blue decreasing colors are proportional to magnesium concentration.

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Clinical significancePhosphorus is an essential mineral for tissue bone formation and is required by every cell in the body for normal function. Approximately 85% of the body phosphorus is found in bone and in teeth. Low levels of phosphorus can be caused by hypervitaminosis D, primary hyperparathyroidism, renal tubular disorders, antacids or malabsortion. High levels of phosphorus can be caused by diet, bone metastases, liver disease, alcohol ingestion, diarrhea and vomiting1,5,6. Clinical diagnosis should not be made on a single test result; it should integrate clinical and other laboratory data.

Principle
Inorganic phosphate reacts in acid environment with molybdic acid to form an unreduced phosphomolybdic acid complex, which absorbs light at 340 nm. The absorbance is directly proportional to the phosphorus concentration in the sample. 

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Summary
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a serum protein, which is synthesized in the liver. Its rate of synthesis and secretion increaseswithin hours of an acute injury or the onset of inflammation and may reach as high as 20 times the normal levels.
Elevated serum concentration of CRP is an unequivocal evidence ofan active tissue damage process and CRP measurementthus provides a simple screening test for organic disorders. Apart from indicating inflammatory disorders, CRP measurementhelps in differential diagnosis, in the management of neonatal septicaemia and meningitis where standard microbiologicalinvestigations are difficult.
Its use in postoperative surveillance is of great importance. CRP levels invariably rise after major surgery but fall to normalwithin 7-10 days. Absence of this fall is indicative of possible septic orinflammatory post operative complications.
Serum CRP measurement also provides useful information in patients with myocardial infarction there being an excellentcorrelation between peak levels of CRP and Creatine phosphokinase (CPK).

Principle
RHELAX®-CRP slide test for detection of CRP is based on the principle of agglutination. The test specimen (serum) is mixedwith RHELAX®-CRP latex reagent and allowed to react. If CRP concentration is greater than 0.6 mg/dl a visible agglutination isobserved. If CRP concentration is less than 0.6 mg/dl, then no agglutination is observed.

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CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Cholinesterase is an enzyme present in plasma and synthesized by the liver. Its true physiological function is unknown, so its function may be to hydrolyze choline in plasma. Cholinesterase activity is usually measured for liver function, is a sensitive test of exposure to pesticides organ phosphorus and identification of patients with the atypical form of enzyme whose presents high sensitivity to succinyl-choline1,5,6 . Clinical diagnosis should not be made on a single test result; it should integrate clinical and other laboratory data. 

PRINCIPLE
Butyrylthiocholine is hydrolyzed by cholinesterase to produce thiocoline in the presence of potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), the absorbance decrease is proportional to the cholinesterase activity of the sample.

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SUMMARY
The arrest of bleeding depends upon primary platelet plug formed along with the formation of a stable fibrin clot. Formation of this clot involves the sequential interaction of a series of plasma proteins in a highly ordered and complex manner and also the interaction of these complexes with blood platelets and materials released from the tissues. Tissue Thromboplastin, in the presence of calcium, is an activator, which initiates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation, which includes plasma coagulation factors VII, X, V, Prothrombin and Fibrinogen. During oral anticoagulant therapy most of these factors are depressed, as also during the deficiencies of clotting factor activity, which may be hereditary or acquired. Prothrombin Time determination is the preferred method for presurgical screening, determination of congenital deficiency of factors II, V, VII and X and for monitoring of anticoagulant therapy and as a liver function test.

PRINCIPLE
Tissue Thromboplastin in the presence of calcium activates the extrinsic pathway of human blood coagulation mechanism. ® When UNIPLASTIN system pack reagent is added to normal anticoagulated plasma, the clotting mechanism is initiated, forming a solid gel clot within a specified period of time. The time required for clot formation would be prolonged if there is a deficiency of factors / factor activity in the extrinsic pathway of the coagulation mechanism.

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Reagent 

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Gram Iodine Reagent

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Gram's Iodine 
Laboratory Reagent 

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Lugols Iodine Liquid

Approx. Rs 750 / PIECEGet Latest Price

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Reticulocytes Stain Counting Fluid

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ACETONE LR

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Safranine Stain (Laboratory Reagent)

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Crystal Violet Liquid Base

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Field Stain - B Reagent for Laboratory 

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PAPANICOLAOUS SOLUTION 

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SAFRANINE 0.5%
(LABORATORY REAGENT)

Approx. Rs 550 / LITREGet Latest Price

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Tolune
Reagent for Laboratory

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VANDENBERG Reagent 'B'

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SELWANOFF'S REAGENT 

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CSF Diluting Fluid 

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FIELD STAIN 'B' 
LABORATORY REAGENT 

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METHYLENE BLUE 

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ACETONE DETECTION REAGENT FOR LABORATORY USE.

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Summary
Investigation of the coagulation system centers on the coagulation factors. The activity of these factors depends on specific surface receptors and phospholipids largely presented on the surface of the platelets and also by activated endothelium. The necessity for calcium in many of these reactions is frequently utilized to control their activity in Vitro. The APTT test is useful for measuring the activity of the intrinsic pathway. In APTT test, plasma is first preincubated for a specific period of time with a contact activator resulting in the formation of factor XIa. However coagulation cascade does not proceed further in the absence of calcium. Recalcification with Calcium chloride (0.025 mol/l) initiates the coagulation cascade resulting in the formation of a stable fibrin clot. The APTT test is influenced by the concentration of calcium chloride used for assessment of the intrinsic pathway. TM Calcium Chloride from Tulip is intended for use with APTT reagents. 

Reagent
Calcium Chloride is a ready to use solution standardized at 0.025 mol/l concentration for use with APTT reagents only. Reagent

Storage and stabilityThe reagent must be stored at room temperature. The shelf life of the reagent is as per the expiry date mentioned on the reagent vial label. Do not use reagents after the expiry date.

PRINCIPLE
On activation of contact factors by the activator in the APTT reagents, Factor XIIa produced cleaves factor XI to XIa in the preTM incubation period. The partial thromboplastin time is then measured by adding appropriate amount of Calcium Chloride 0 (0.025 mol/l, prewarmed at 37 C), resulting in the formation of the clot.

Precautions
1. In vitro diagnostic reagent for laboratory and professional use only. Not for medicinal use.2. Take every possible aseptic precaution to minimize contamination while drawing the reagent.
3. Avoid dipping contaminated pipettes / micropipette tips in the reagent vial. Ideally pour the required quantity for the days work into a sterile clean vial or test tube.
4. If the reagent vial develops turbidity, do not use the reagent as this would lead to erroneous results.

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CRYSTAL VIOLET 

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FIXATIVE REAGENT 
LABORATORY REAGENT 

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BENEDICT'S REAGENT 

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Crystal Violet Solution Stain.
LABORATORY REAGENT 

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METHYLENE BLUE (AQUEOUS) 

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Field Stain - B for Laboratory

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FIELD STAIN 'A'

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Leishman stain Reagent for Laboratory

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CARBOL FUCHSIN 

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TOLUIDINE BLUE